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The virtuous laments: What has happened in the country? … the Desert tribes have become Egyptians everywhere.

So there should be nothing wrong with seeing it as a lamentation about the ten biblical plagues that brought Egyptian culture to the brink of the abyss. The Ipuwer Papyrus does not predate the biblical date for the Exodus. Whichever chronology you choose to follow. Because the Bible writes that the exodus from Egypt took place exactly 480 years before the construction of Solomon's temple, i.e. and thus also the time of the biblical Exodus. According to traditional dating, this dynasty spans the years 1550–1292 BC. The pharaoh dynasty thus dates to after the 18th dynasty, to which the famous names Ahmose, Amenhotep (Amenhotep), Akhenaten, Hatshepsut, Nefertiti, Thutmose and Tutankhamun are associated (in alphabetical order). Paleographically, the copy is in the 19./20. Its official name is Papyrus Leiden I 344 and it is in the Rijksmuseum van Oudheden in Leiden. For nowhere else in Egyptian records is such a gigantic catastrophe written. Perhaps that is why the Egyptians did not make it easy for scholars to find Moses and the Exodus in extra-biblical sources.īut the Ipuwer papyrus stands out because of its honest content. It would not be surprising, therefore, if the Egyptians had retouched their monumental historiography to conceal this incredible loss of face. Likewise the death of the firstborn in the tenth plague and of the pharaoh in the Red Sea. In any case, Moses' flight to Midian must have raised the issue of succession. In the absence of a male successor, Nofrusobek ascended the throne. Because he also suddenly disappeared from the scene again, shortly before Amenemhet III. Her father Amenemhat III, who reigned nearly 50 years, long had a co-regent Amenemhat IV, believed by some to be Moses, towards the end of his reign. But she also did not give birth to an heir to the throne. Unlike Hatshepsut, she did not deny her gender as ruler. However, if the new theory is correct, the first Egyptian pharaoh Nofrusobek from the 12th dynasty could have been Moses' adoptive mother. This would fit in with the fact that Moses' crime and flight had brought disgrace on Egypt and that people wanted to erase his memory.

Did they die when he was already coregent to Pharaoh and were therefore given an honorable burial by him? But Senenmut's grave was destroyed and his mummy was never found. However, the mummies of his parents »Ramose« and »Hatnofer« (Amram and Jochebed?) were found in a simple grave. In this case, Moses may have been the Egyptian Senenmut, who rose from poverty to the highest court positions and was Hatshepsut's closest confidant, but suddenly and inexplicably disappeared from the scene. If the traditionalists are correct, then the famous pharaoh Hatshepsut, who posed as a male pharaoh, would indeed be the best candidate for the princess who pulled Moses from the Nile. This would shrink the time of the pharaohs and would not have come until around 2000 BC. While traditional Egyptian chronology places the beginning of the pharaonic period from 3000 BC, a more recent theory assumes that the pharaohs partly ruled in parallel. “How I love your law! I think about it all day.« (Psalm 119,97:XNUMX) Anyone who loves God's law, the Torah of the five books of Moses, as much as the writer of this Psalm, has certainly asked himself the question: Who were they actually? Pharaohs who ruled in the time of Joseph and Moses? Who was Moses' adoptive mother? Are Joseph, Moses, the ten plagues, and the Exodus not mentioned anywhere in extra-biblical history? But the sequence of pharaohs and their documentation on inscriptions and papyri is such a complex matter that uncertainties will probably always remain. But when it comes to events during the time of the judges and before, things get difficult.Īre there really historical extra-biblical references to biblical events of that time?Įgyptology is a well-studied branch of research and it is believed to have unearthed something about the people of Israel in Egypt at the time of Joseph and Moses. Therefore, the Bible is not completely rejected as a historical source even by atheistic historians. Biblical history can still be traced quite well in extra-biblical sources back to King David.